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- @node Geography (Indian Ocean)
- @section Geography (Indian Ocean)
-
- @display
-
- Location:
- body of water between Africa, Asia, Australia, and Antarctica
- Map references:
- Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World
- Area:
- total area:
- 73.6 million km2
- comparative area:
- slightly less than eight times the size of the US; third-largest ocean
- (after the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean, but larger than the Arctic
- Ocean)
- note:
- includes Arabian Sea, Bass Straight, Bay of Bengal, Java Sea, Persian Gulf,
- Red Sea, Straight of Malacca, Timor Sea, and other tributary water bodies
- Coastline:
- 66,526 km
- International disputes:
- some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
- Climate:
- northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon (June to October);
- tropical cyclones occur during May/June and October/November in the north
- Indian Ocean and January/February in the south Indian Ocean
- Terrain:
- surface dominated by counterclockwise gyre (broad, circular system of
- currents) in the south Indian Ocean; unique reversal of surface currents in
- the north Indian Ocean, low atmospheric pressure over southwest Asia from
- hot, rising, summer air results in the southwest monsoon and
- southwest-to-northeast winds and currents, while high pressure over northern
- Asia from cold, falling, winter air results in the northeast monsoon and
- northeast-to-southwest winds and currents; ocean floor is dominated by the
- Mid-Indian Ocean Ridge and subdivided by the Southeast Indian Ocean Ridge,
- Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge, and Ninety East Ridge; maximum depth is 7,258
- meters in the Java Trench
- Natural resources:
- oil and gas fields, fish, shrimp, sand and gravel aggregates, placer
- deposits, polymetallic nodules
- Environment:
- endangered marine species include the dugong, seals, turtles, and whales;
- oil pollution in the Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea
- Note:
- major chokepoints include Bab el Mandeb, Strait of Hormuz, Strait of
- Malacca, southern access to the Suez Canal, and the Lombok Strait; ships
- subject to superstructure icing in extreme south near Antarctica from May to
- October
-
-
-
- @end display
-
- @node Government (Indian Ocean)
- @section Government (Indian Ocean)
-
- @display
-
- Digraph:
- XO
-
-
-
- @end display
-
- @node Economy (Indian Ocean)
- @section Economy (Indian Ocean)
-
- @display
-
- Overview:
- The Indian Ocean provides major sea routes connecting the Middle East,
- Africa, and East Asia with Europe and the Americas. It carries a
- particularly heavy traffic of petroleum and petroleum products from the oil
- fields of the Persian Gulf and Indonesia. Its fish are of great and growing
- importance to the bordering countries for domestic consumption and export.
- Fishing fleets from Russia, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan also exploit the Indian
- Ocean, mainly for shrimp and tuna. Large reserves of hydrocarbons are being
- tapped in the offshore areas of Saudi Arabia, Iran, India, and Western
- Australia. An estimated 40% of the world's offshore oil production comes
- from the Indian Ocean. Beach sands rich in heavy minerals and offshore
- placer deposits are actively exploited by bordering countries, particularly
- India, South Africa, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
- Industries:
- based on exploitation of natural resources, particularly marine life,
- minerals, oil and gas production, fishing, sand and gravel aggregates,
- placer deposits
-
-
-
- @end display
-
- @node Communications (Indian Ocean)
- @section Communications (Indian Ocean)
-
- @display
-
- Ports:
- Bombay (India), Calcutta (India), Madras (India), Colombo (Sri Lanka),
- Durban (South Africa), Fremantle (Australia), Jakarta (Indonesia), Melbourne
- (Australia), Richard's Bay (South Africa)
- Telecommunications:
- submarine cables from India to United Arab Emirates and Malaysia, and from
- Sri Lanka to Djibouti and Indonesia
-
-
-
- @end display
-